Research Article
Free Access
WRF high resolution simulation of Iberian mean and extreme precipitation climate
ABSTRACT
In this study precipitation from a high resolution WRF climate simulation is presented and evaluated against daily gridded observations in the Iberian Peninsula. The simulation corresponds to a dynamical downscaling of ERA ‐Interim, in the period 1989–2009, performed with two nested grids, at 27 and 9 km horizontal resolution. The higher resolution simulation indicates a significantly improved representation of Iberian precipitation fields, at all timescales, with emphasis on the representation of variability and of extreme weather statistics. Results compare well with recent studies with other models and/or for other regions, further supporting the use of WRF as a regional climate model.
Citing Literature
Number of times cited according to CrossRef: 72
- M.N. Lorenzo, I. Alvarez, Climate change patterns in precipitation over Spain using CORDEX projections for 2021–2050, Science of The Total Environment, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138024, 723, (138024), (2020).
- W. J. Gutowski, P. A. Ullrich, A. Hall, L. R. Leung, T. A. O’Brien, C. M. Patricola, R. W. Arritt, M. S. Bukovsky, K. V. Calvin, Z. Feng, A. D. Jones, G. J. Kooperman, E. Monier, M. S. Pritchard, S. C. Pryor, Y. Qian, A. M. Rhoades, A. F. Roberts, K. Sakaguchi, N. Urban, C. Zarzycki, The Ongoing Need for High-Resolution Regional Climate Models: Process Understanding and Stakeholder Information, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0113.1, 101, 5, (E664-E683), (2020).
- Melissa L. Wrzesien, Tamlin M. Pavelsky, Projected Changes to Extreme Runoff and Precipitation Events From a Downscaled Simulation Over the Western United States, Frontiers in Earth Science, 10.3389/feart.2019.00355, 7, (2020).
- Nadia Politi, Athanasios Sfetsos, Diamando Vlachogiannis, Panagiotis T. Nastos, Stylianos Karozis, A Sensitivity Study of High-Resolution Climate Simulations for Greece, Climate, 10.3390/cli8030044, 8, 3, (44), (2020).
- Lei Tian, Jiming Jin, Pute Wu, Guo-yue Niu, Chun Zhao, High-resolution simulations of mean and extreme precipitation with WRF for the soil-erosive Loess Plateau, Climate Dynamics, 10.1007/s00382-020-05178-6, (2020).
- João Camargo, Iñaki Barcena, Pedro M. Soares, Luísa Schmidt, Javier Andaluz, Mind the climate policy gaps: climate change public policy and reality in Portugal, Spain and Morocco, Climatic Change, 10.1007/s10584-019-02646-9, (2020).
- Wei Wang, Jia Liu, Chuanzhe Li, Yuchen Liu, Fuliang Yu, Entao Yu, An Evaluation Study of the Fully Coupled WRF/WRF-Hydro Modeling System for Simulation of Storm Events with Different Rainfall Evenness in Space and Time, Water, 10.3390/w12041209, 12, 4, (1209), (2020).
- Alcimoni Nelci Comin, Flavio Justino, Luciano Pezzi, Carlos Diego de Sousa Gurjão, Vanúcia Shumacher, Alfonso Fernández, Ueslei Adriano Sutil, Extreme rainfall event in the Northeast coast of Brazil: a numerical sensitivity study, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 10.1007/s00703-020-00747-0, (2020).
- Yuchen Liu, Jia Liu, Chuanzhe Li, Fuliang Yu, Wei Wang, Qingtai Qiu, Parameter Sensitivity Analysis of the WRF-Hydro Modeling System for Streamflow Simulation: a Case Study in Semi-Humid and Semi-Arid Catchments of Northern China, Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 10.1007/s13143-020-00205-2, (2020).
- William Cabos, Alba de la Vara, Francisco J. Álvarez-García, Enrique Sánchez, Kevin Sieck, Juan-Ignacio Pérez-Sanz, Natalia Limareva, Dmitry V. Sein, Impact of ocean-atmosphere coupling on regional climate: the Iberian Peninsula case, Climate Dynamics, 10.1007/s00382-020-05238-x, (2020).
- Susana Cardoso Pereira, Martinho Marta‐Almeida, Ana C. Carvalho, Alfredo Rocha, Extreme precipitation events under climate change in the Iberian Peninsula, International Journal of Climatology, 10.1002/joc.6269, 40, 2, (1255-1278), (2019).
- Hugo Campaniço, Pedro M.M. Soares, Rita M. Cardoso, Pierre Hollmuller, Impact of climate change on building cooling potential of direct ventilation and evaporative cooling: a high resolution view for the Iberian Peninsula, Energy and Buildings, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.03.017, (2019).
- João Bravo Dias, Guilherme Carrilho da Graça, Pedro M.M. Soares, Comparison of methodologies for generation of future weather data for building thermal energy simulation, Energy and Buildings, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109556, (109556), (2019).
- Anna M. Jalowska, Tanya L. Spero, Developing PIDF Curves From Dynamically Downscaled WRF Model Fields to Examine Extreme Precipitation Events in Three Eastern U.S. Metropolitan Areas, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 10.1029/2019JD031584, 124, 24, (13895-13913), (2019).
- P. K. Pradhan, Margarida L. R. Liberato, Vinay Kumar, S. Vijaya Bhaskara Rao, Juan Ferreira, Tushar Sinha, Simulation of mid-latitude winter storms over the North Atlantic Ocean: impact of boundary layer parameterization schemes, Climate Dynamics, 10.1007/s00382-019-04962-3, (2019).
- Carolina Viceto, Susana Cardoso Pereira, Alfredo Rocha, Climate Change Projections of Extreme Temperatures for the Iberian Peninsula, Atmosphere, 10.3390/atmos10050229, 10, 5, (229), (2019).
- Joana Gouveia Freire, Carlos Castro DaCamara, Using cellular automata to simulate wildfire propagation and to assist in fire management, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 10.5194/nhess-19-169-2019, 19, 1, (169-179), (2019).
- Martina Lagasio, Luca Pulvirenti, Antonio Parodi, Giorgio Boni, Nazzareno Pierdicca, Giovanna Venuti, Eugenio Realini, Giulio Tagliaferro, Stefano Barindelli, Bjorn Rommen, Effect of the ingestion in the WRF model of different Sentinel-derived and GNSS-derived products: analysis of the forecasts of a high impact weather event, European Journal of Remote Sensing, 10.1080/22797254.2019.1642799, (1-18), (2019).
- Jonas Van de Walle, Wim Thiery, Oscar Brousse, Niels Souverijns, Matthias Demuzere, Nicole P. M. van Lipzig, A convection-permitting model for the Lake Victoria Basin: evaluation and insight into the mesoscale versus synoptic atmospheric dynamics, Climate Dynamics, 10.1007/s00382-019-05088-2, (2019).
- Santos J. González-Rojí, Robert L. Wilby, Jon Sáenz, Gabriel Ibarra-Berastegi, Harmonized evaluation of daily precipitation downscaled using SDSM and WRF+WRFDA models over the Iberian Peninsula, Climate Dynamics, 10.1007/s00382-019-04673-9, (2019).
- Jackson Hian-Wui Chang, S. S. K. Kong, Justin Sentian, Jedol Dayou, Fuei-Pien Chee, Synoptic analysis and mesoscale numerical modelling of heavy precipitation: a case study of flash flood event in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 10.1007/s00703-019-00682-9, (2019).
- Sixto Herrera, Rita Margarida Cardoso, Pedro Matos Soares, Fátima Espírito-Santo, Pedro Viterbo, José Manuel Gutiérrez, Iberia01: a new gridded dataset of daily precipitation and temperatures over Iberia, Earth System Science Data, 10.5194/essd-11-1947-2019, 11, 4, (1947-1956), (2019).
- José A. Posada-Marín, Angela M. Rendón, Juan F. Salazar, John F. Mejía, Juan Camilo Villegas, WRF downscaling improves ERA-Interim representation of precipitation around a tropical Andean valley during El Niño: implications for GCM-scale simulation of precipitation over complex terrain, Climate Dynamics, 10.1007/s00382-018-4403-0, 52, 5-6, (3609-3629), (2018).
- Miguel Nogueira, Pedro M. M. Soares, Ricardo Tomé, Rita M. Cardoso, High-resolution multi-model projections of onshore wind resources over Portugal under a changing climate, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 10.1007/s00704-018-2495-4, 136, 1-2, (347-362), (2018).
- J.H.N. Palma, R.M. Cardoso, P.M.M. Soares, T.S. Oliveira, M. Tomé, Using high-resolution simulated climate projections in forest process-based modelling, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.08.008, 263, (100-106), (2018).
- Ana Russo, Célia M. Gouveia, Pedro M. M. Soares, Rita M. Cardoso, Manuel T. Mendes, Ricardo M. Trigo, The unprecedented 2014 Legionnaires’ disease outbreak in Portugal: atmospheric driving mechanisms, International Journal of Biometeorology, 10.1007/s00484-018-1520-8, 62, 7, (1167-1179), (2018).
- Yonggang Wang, Bart Geerts, Changhai Liu, A 30‐year convection‐permitting regional climate simulation over the interior western United States. Part I: Validation, International Journal of Climatology, 10.1002/joc.5527, 38, 9, (3684-3704), (2018).
- Pedro M. M. Soares, Daniela C. A. Lima, Alvaro Semedo, Rita M. Cardoso, William Cabos, Dmitry V. Sein, Assessing the climate change impact on the North African offshore surface wind and coastal low-level jet using coupled and uncoupled regional climate simulations, Climate Dynamics, 10.1007/s00382-018-4565-9, (2018).
- Rita M. Cardoso, Pedro M. M. Soares, Daniela C. A. Lima, Pedro M. A. Miranda, Mean and extreme temperatures in a warming climate: EURO CORDEX and WRF regional climate high-resolution projections for Portugal, Climate Dynamics, 10.1007/s00382-018-4124-4, (2018).
- In-Won Kim, Jaiho Oh, Sumin Woo, R. H. Kripalani, Evaluation of precipitation extremes over the Asian domain: observation and modelling studies, Climate Dynamics, 10.1007/s00382-018-4193-4, (2018).
- Lu Yi, Wanchang Zhang, Xiangyang Li, Assessing Hydrological Modelling Driven by Different Precipitation Datasets via the SMAP Soil Moisture Product and Gauged Streamflow Data, Remote Sensing, 10.3390/rs10121872, 10, 12, (1872), (2018).
- Ila Chawla, Krishna K. Osuri, Pradeep P. Mujumdar, Dev Niyogi, Assessment of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for simulation of extreme rainfall events in the upper Ganga Basin, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 10.5194/hess-22-1095-2018, 22, 2, (1095-1117), (2018).
- Nadia Rijo, Alvaro Semedo, Pedro M. A. Miranda, Daniela Lima, Rita M. Cardoso, Pedro M. M. Soares, Spatial and temporal variability of the Iberian Peninsula coastal low‐level jet, International Journal of Climatology, 10.1002/joc.5303, 38, 4, (1605-1622), (2017).
- Pedro M. M. Soares, Rita M. Cardoso, A simple method to assess the added value using high‐resolution climate distributions: application to the EURO‐CORDEX daily precipitation, International Journal of Climatology, 10.1002/joc.5261, 38, 3, (1484-1498), (2017).
- Pedro M.M. Soares, Daniela C.A. Lima, Rita M. Cardoso, Manuel L. Nascimento, Alvaro Semedo, Western Iberian offshore wind resources: More or less in a global warming climate?, Applied Energy, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.004, 203, (72-90), (2017).
- Jonas Olsson, B. Charlotta Pers, Lisa Bengtsson, Ilias Pechlivanidis, Peter Berg, Heiner Körnich, Distance-dependent depth-duration analysis in high-resolution hydro-meteorological ensemble forecasting: A case study in Malmö City, Sweden, Environmental Modelling & Software, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.03.025, 93, (381-397), (2017).
- N. Politi, P.T. Nastos, A. Sfetsos, D. Vlachogiannis, N.R. Dalezios, Evaluation of the AWR-WRF model configuration at high resolution over the domain of Greece, Atmospheric Research, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.10.019, (2017).
- João Perdigão, Rui Salgado, Clarisse Magarreiro, Pedro M.M. Soares, Maria João Costa, Hari Prasad Dasari, An Iberian climatology of solar radiation obtained from WRF regional climate simulations for 1950–2010 period, Atmospheric Research, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.08.016, 198, (151-162), (2017).
- R. El-Samra, E. Bou-Zeid, H. K. Bangalath, G. Stenchikov, M. El-Fadel, Future intensification of hydro-meteorological extremes: downscaling using the weather research and forecasting model, Climate Dynamics, 10.1007/s00382-017-3542-z, 49, 11-12, (3765-3785), (2017).
- Martin Ivanov, Kirsten Warrach-Sagi, Volker Wulfmeyer, Field significance of performance measures in the context of regional climate model evaluation. Part 1: temperature, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 10.1007/s00704-017-2100-2, (2017).
- Bucchignani Edoardo, Mercogliano Paola, Montesarchio Myriam, Zollo Lucia, Numerical Simulation of the Period 1971–2100 over the Mediterranean Area with a Regional Model, Scenario SRES-A1B, Sustainability, 10.3390/su9122192, 9, 12, (2192), (2017).
- Martin Ivanov, Kirsten Warrach-Sagi, Volker Wulfmeyer, Field significance of performance measures in the context of regional climate model evaluation. Part 2: precipitation, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 10.1007/s00704-017-2077-x, (2017).
- Jiyang Tian, Jia Liu, Denghua Yan, Chuanzhe Li, Fuliang Yu, Numerical rainfall simulation with different spatial and temporal evenness by using a WRF multiphysics ensemble, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 10.5194/nhess-17-563-2017, 17, 4, (563-579), (2017).
- Pedro M. M. Soares, Daniela C. A. Lima, Rita M. Cardoso, Alvaro Semedo, High resolution projections for the western Iberian coastal low level jet in a changing climate, Climate Dynamics, 10.1007/s00382-016-3397-8, 49, 5-6, (1547-1566), (2016).
- Pedro M. M. Soares, Rita M. Cardoso, Daniela C. A. Lima, Pedro M. A. Miranda, Future precipitation in Portugal: high-resolution projections using WRF model and EURO-CORDEX multi-model ensembles, Climate Dynamics, 10.1007/s00382-016-3455-2, 49, 7-8, (2503-2530), (2016).
- J. Karmacharya, R. Jones, W. Moufouma‐Okia, M. New, Evaluation of the added value of a high‐resolution regional climate model simulation of the South Asian summer monsoon climatology, International Journal of Climatology, 10.1002/joc.4944, 37, 9, (3630-3643), (2016).
- Hugo Campaniço, Pedro M.M. Soares, Pierre Hollmuller, Rita M. Cardoso, Climatic cooling potential and building cooling demand savings: High resolution spatiotemporal analysis of direct ventilation and evaporative cooling for the Iberian Peninsula, Renewable Energy, 10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.038, 85, (766-776), (2016).
- Alvaro Semedo, Pedro M.M. Soares, Daniela C.A. Lima, Rita M. Cardoso, Mariana Bernardino, Pedro M.A. Miranda, The impact of climate change on the global coastal low-level wind jets: EC-EARTH simulations, Global and Planetary Change, 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.12.012, 137, (88-106), (2016).
- Martinho Marta-Almeida, João C. Teixeira, Maria J. Carvalho, Paulo Melo-Gonçalves, Alfredo M. Rocha, High resolution WRF climatic simulations for the Iberian Peninsula: Model validation, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 10.1016/j.pce.2016.03.010, 94, (94-105), (2016).
- S. Bartolomeu, M.J. Carvalho, M. Marta-Almeida, P. Melo-Gonçalves, A. Rocha, Recent trends of extreme precipitation indices in the Iberian Peninsula using observations and WRF model results, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 10.1016/j.pce.2016.06.005, 94, (10-21), (2016).
- Renata M.S. Pinto, Akli Benali, Ana C. L. Sá, Paulo M. Fernandes, Pedro M. M. Soares, Rita M. Cardoso, Ricardo M. Trigo, José M. C. Pereira, Probabilistic fire spread forecast as a management tool in an operational setting, SpringerPlus, 10.1186/s40064-016-2842-9, 5, 1, (2016).
- Paulo de Melo-Gonçalves, Alfredo Rocha, João A. Santos, Robust inferences on climate change patterns of precipitation extremes in the Iberian Peninsula, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 10.1016/j.pce.2016.05.003, 94, (114-126), (2016).
- Sabique Langodan, Yesubabu Viswanadhapalli, Ibrahim Hoteit, The impact of atmospheric data assimilation on wave simulations in the Red Sea, Ocean Engineering, 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.02.020, 116, (200-215), (2016).
- Cathy B. Kurz-Besson, José L. Lousada, Maria J. Gaspar, Isabel E. Correia, Teresa S. David, Pedro M. M. Soares, Rita M. Cardoso, Ana Russo, Filipa Varino, Catherine Mériaux, Ricardo M. Trigo, Célia M. Gouveia, Effects of Recent Minimum Temperature and Water Deficit Increases on Pinus pinaster Radial Growth and Wood Density in Southern Portugal, Frontiers in Plant Science, 10.3389/fpls.2016.01170, 7, (2016).
- João P. A. Martins, Rita M. Cardoso, Pedro M. M. Soares, Isabel F. Trigo, Margarida Belo‐Pereira, Nuno Moreira, Ricardo Tomé, The summer diurnal cycle of coastal cloudiness over west Iberia using Meteosat/SEVIRI and a WRF regional climate model simulation, International Journal of Climatology, 10.1002/joc.4457, 36, 4, (1755-1772), (2015).
- Junhua Yang, Keqin Duan, Jinkui Wu, Xiang Qin, Peihong Shi, Huancai Liu, Xiaolong Xie, Xiao Zhang, Jianyong Sun, Effect of Data Assimilation Using WRF-3DVAR for Heavy Rain Prediction on the Northeastern Edge of the Tibetan Plateau, Advances in Meteorology, 10.1155/2015/294589, 2015, (1-14), (2015).
- Julia Andrys, Thomas J. Lyons, Jatin Kala, Multidecadal Evaluation of WRF Downscaling Capabilities over Western Australia in Simulating Rainfall and Temperature Extremes, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0212.1, 54, 2, (370-394), (2015).
- Maria João Botelho, Florbela Soares, Domitília Matias, Carlos Vale, Nutrients and clam contamination by Escherichia coli in a meso-tidal coastal lagoon: Seasonal variation in counter cycle to external sources, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.030, 96, 1-2, (188-196), (2015).
- Liping Deng, Matthew F. McCabe, Georgiy Stenchikov, Jason P. Evans, Paul A. Kucera, Simulation of Flash-Flood-Producing Storm Events in Saudi Arabia Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model*, Journal of Hydrometeorology, 10.1175/JHM-D-14-0126.1, 16, 2, (615-630), (2015).
- Manuel C. Almeida, Pedro S. Coelho, António C. Rodrigues, Paulo A. Diogo, Rita Maurício, Rita M. Cardoso, Pedro M. Soares, Thermal stratification of Portuguese reservoirs: potential impact of extreme climate scenarios, Journal of Water and Climate Change, 10.2166/wcc.2015.071, 6, 3, (544-560), (2015).
- E. Katragkou, M. García-Díez, R. Vautard, S. Sobolowski, P. Zanis, G. Alexandri, R. M. Cardoso, A. Colette, J. Fernandez, A. Gobiet, K. Goergen, T. Karacostas, S. Knist, S. Mayer, P. M. M. Soares, I. Pytharoulis, I. Tegoulias, A. Tsikerdekis, D. Jacob, Regional climate hindcast simulations within EURO-CORDEX: evaluation of a WRF multi-physics ensemble, Geoscientific Model Development, 10.5194/gmd-8-603-2015, 8, 3, (603-618), (2015).
- Pedro M. M. Soares, Rita M. Cardoso, João Jacinto Ferreira, Pedro M. A. Miranda, Climate change and the Portuguese precipitation: ENSEMBLES regional climate models results, Climate Dynamics, 10.1007/s00382-014-2432-x, 45, 7-8, (1771-1787), (2014).
- Cesar Azorin‐Molina, Sergio‐M. Vicente‐Serrano, Deliang Chen, Bernadette H. Connell, María‐Ángeles Domínguez‐Durán, Jesus Revuelto, Juan‐Ignacio López‐Moreno, AVHRR warm‐season cloud climatologies under various synoptic regimes across the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands, International Journal of Climatology, 10.1002/joc.4102, 35, 8, (1984-2002), (2014).
- C. Andrade, M. Belo‐Pereira, Assessment of droughts in the Iberian Peninsula using the WASP‐Index, Atmospheric Science Letters, 10.1002/asl2.542, 16, 3, (208-218), (2014).
- Pedro M. M. Soares, Rita M. Cardoso, ÁLvaro Semedo, Maria J. Chinita, Raza Ranjha, Climatology of the Iberia coastal low-level wind jet: weather research forecasting model high-resolution results, Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 10.3402/tellusa.v66.22377, 66, 1, (22377), (2014).
- Hari Prasad Dasari, Rui Salgado, Joao Perdigao, Venkata Srinivas Challa, A Regional Climate Simulation Study Using WRF-ARW Model over Europe and Evaluation for Extreme Temperature Weather Events, International Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 10.1155/2014/704079, 2014, (1-22), (2014).
- E. Katragkou, M. García-Díez, R. Vautard, S. Sobolowski, P. Zanis, G. Alexandri, R. M. Cardoso, A. Colette, J. Fernández, A. Gobiet, K. Goergen, T. Karacostas, S. Knist, S. Mayer, P. M. M. Soares, I. Pytharoulis, I. Tegoulias, A. Tsikerdekis, D. Jacob, Hindcast regional climate simulations within EURO-CORDEX: evaluation of a WRF multi-physics ensemble, Geoscientific Model Development Discussions, 10.5194/gmdd-7-6629-2014, 7, 5, (6629-6675), (2014).
- Helder Fraga, Aureliano C. Malheiro, José Moutinho-Pereira, Rita M. Cardoso, Pedro M. M. Soares, Javier J. Cancela, Joaquim G. Pinto, João A. Santos, Integrated Analysis of Climate, Soil, Topography and Vegetative Growth in Iberian Viticultural Regions, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0108078, 9, 9, (e108078), (2014).
- Alvaro Peliz, Dmitri Boutov, Rita M. Cardoso, Javier Delgado, Pedro M.M. Soares, The Gulf of Cadiz–Alboran Sea sub-basin: Model setup, exchange and seasonal variability, Ocean Modelling, 10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.10.007, 61, (49-67), (2013).
- S. C. Pereira, A. C. Carvalho, J. Ferreira, J. P. Nunes, J. J. Keizer, A. Rocha, Simulation of a persistent medium-term precipitation event over the western Iberian Peninsula, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 10.5194/hess-17-3741-2013, 17, 10, (3741-3758), (2013).
- Luigi Cattaneo, Alessandra Lucia Zollo, Edoardo Bucchignani, Myriam Montesarchio, Maria Paola Manzi, Paola Mercogliano, Assessment of COSMO-CLM Performances over Mediterranean Area, SSRN Electronic Journal, 10.2139/ssrn.2195524, (2012).
- Alessandra Lucia Zollo, Myriam Montesarchio, Maria Paola Manzi, Luigi Cattaneo, Edoardo Bucchignani, Paola Mercogliano, Assessment of COSMO-CLM Performances in Simulating the Past Climate of Italy, SSRN Electronic Journal, 10.2139/ssrn.2195519, (2012).
